12th Chemistry Frequently asked questions - Tamilyoungsters.
1.ATOMIC STRUCTURE - II
3 MARKS (Q.NO:31)
1. State Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle.
2. Distinguish between a particle and a wave.
3. What are the condition for effective H2 – Bonding.
4. Why is He2 not formed?
5. What is bond order?
6. What is the significance of negative electronic energy?
7. Define hybridization.
5 MARKS (Q.NO:52)
1. Explain the formation of oxygen molecule by Mo theory.
2. Drive de Broglie’s equation.
3. Discuss Davisson and Germer’s Expriment.
4. Give any five postulates of Mo theory.
5. Explain the formation of Nitrogen molecule by Mo theory.
6. The uncertainty in the position of a moving bullet of mass 10g is 10-5m. Calculate the uncertainty in its velocity.
7. The wavelength of a moving body of mass 0.1mg is 3.310×10-29m. Calculate its kinetic energy. [h=6.626×10-34J]
8. A moving electron has 4.55×10-25 joules of kinetic energy. Calculate its wavelength. [ mass=9.1×10-31kg and h=6.626×10-34kgm2 s-1]
2. PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION - II
3 MARKS (Q.NO:32)
1. Which is electron affinity of fluorine less than that of Chlorine?
2. Why is the first ionization energy of beryllium is greater than that of Lithium?
3. Explain why the first ionization energy of Be is greater than that of B.
4. Compare the ionization energy of nitrogen with that of oxygen.
5. If the d(C-Cl) is 1.76 Å and r(Cl) is 0.99 Å, Find the radius of carbon atom.
6. Calculate the effective nuclear charge experienced by the 4s electron in potassium atom.(S=16.8).
7. Define electron affinity.
8. Mention the disadvantage of Pauling’s and Mullikan’s electro negativity scale.
9. Why is ionization energy of fluorine greater than that of oxygen?
10. The electron affinities of beryllium and nitrogen are almost zero.
11. Neon has more ionization energy than fluorine. Why?
12. Calculate the electronegativity value of fluorine on Mullikan’s scale from the following data:
Ionization potential of F = 17.4 eV/atom
Electron affinity of F = 3.62 eV/atom
13. Lager the size of the atom, lesser is the ionization energy. Explain.
14. The first ionization energy of aluminium is lower than that of magnesium. Why?
10 MARKS (Q.NO:64A)
1. Explain Pauling’s method to determine ionic radii.
2. Explain the various factors that affect electron affinity.
3. How do electronegativity values help to find out the nature of bonding between atoms?
4. Explain the Pauling’s scale for the determination of electro negativity. Give the disadvantage of Pauling scale.
5. Explain any three factors which affect the ionization energy.
6. Explain how electronegativity values help to find out the percentage of ionic character in polar covalent bond.
3. P – BLOCK ELEMENTS – II
3 MARKS (Q.NO:33, 34)
1. H3PO4 is triprotic. Prove.
2. What is Plumbo solvency?
3. Prove that phosphorous acid is a powerful reducing agent.
4. Prove that P2O5 is powerful dehydrating agent.
5. Illustrate the oxidising power of fluorine.
6. Why HF cannot be stored in glass bottles?
7. Write about the Holmes’s signal.
8. Give three uses of neon.
9. How is potash alum prepared?
10. Give the electronic structure of (i) H3PO3 and (ii) PCl5
11. How is ortho phosphotic acid acid prepared in the laboratory?
12. What are interhalogen compound? Give the preparation of any one.
13. What is inert pair effect?
14. What happens when phosphorus acid is heated?
15. H3PO3 is diprotic. Why?
16. What is the action of heat on orthophosphoric acid?
17. How are Xenon fluorides prepared?
10 MARKS (Q.NO:64B)
1. How is fluorine isolated from their fluorides by Dennis method?
2. How are noble gases isolated from air?
3. Describe in detail how noble gases are isolated from air by Ramsay – Rayleigh’s method.
4. Mention the uses of silicones.
5. Illustrate i) tribasic nature of orthophosphoric acid ii) Reducing property of phosphorus acid.
6. Discuss the structure of interhalogen compound AX and AX5 type.
7. How does Fluorine differ from other halogens?
8. How is lead extracted from its ore?
9. Explain the following: i) dehydrating property of P2O5 ii) oxidizing power of fluorine.
10. Describe in detail how noble gases are isolated by Dewar’s process.
4. D – BLOCK ELEMENTS
3 MARKS (Q.NO:35, 36)
1. Explain why Mn2+ is more stable than Mn3+ .
2. A substance is found to have a magnetic moment of 3.9 BM. How many unpaired electrons does it contain?
3. Give any two evidence for oxidizing nature of potassium dichromate.
4. Why do transition elements form complexes?
5. Why do d-block elements have variable oxidation states?
6. How is chrome – plating done?
7. Write the reaction of gold with aqua regia.
8. Explain electrolytic refining of copper.
9. What is splitting of silver and how is it prevented?
10. What is the action of heat on copper sulphate crystals?
11. What is the reaction of CuSO4 with KCN?
12. What is the action of Zinc on hot NaOH solution?
13. Explain Chromyl chloride test with equation.
14. Why are Zn2+ salts colourless whileNi2+ salts are coloured?
15. Why are transition metal ions coloured?
16. What happens when KI solution is added to an aqueous solution of copper sulphate?
17. How is purple of cassius prepared?
5 MARKS (Q.NO:53)
1. Briefly explain the extraction of Zinc blende.
2. How is silver extracted from its ore?
3. How is gold extracted from its ore?
4. How is potassium dichromate prepared from chrome iron ore?
5. How is Cr2O3 reduced to chromium by aluminothermic process?
5. F – BLOCK ELEMENTS
5 MARKS (Q.NO:54)
1. List the similarities and difference between Lanthanides and Actinides(any five)
2. What is lanthanide contraction? Discuss its causes and any two consequences.
3. Describe the extraction of Lanthanides from monazite sand.
4. Discuss the position of lanthanides in the periodic table.
5. Mention the oxidation state and any three uses of lanthanides.
6. Mention the uses of lanthanides.
7. Write any three uses of lanthanides and actinides.
8. What are the consequences of lanthanides.
6. COORDINATION COMPOUNDS AND
BIO-COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
5 MARKS (Q.NO:55)
1. Write the potulates of Werner’s theory on co-ordination compound.
2. [Ni(CN)4]2- is diamagnetic whereas [Ni(NH3)4]2+ is para magnetic. Explain.
3. For the complex K4[Fe(CN)6] mention
a) Name b) Central metal ion c) Ligand d) Co-ordination number e) Geometry
4. Explain coordination and ionization isomerism with suitable example.
5. For the complex K4[Fe(CN)6], [Cu(NH3)4] SO4 mention a) IUPAC Name b) Central metal ion c) Ligand d) Co-ordination number
6. How is chlorophyll important in environmental chemistry? Mention its function.
7. In what way does [FeF6]4- differ from [Fe(CN)6]4-?
8. For the complex [Co(NH3)6] Cl3, mention the following a) IUPAC Name b) Central metal ion c) Ligand d) Co-ordination number e) Charge on the complex ion
9. For the complex [Cu(NH3)4] SO4 mention
a) IUPAC Name b) Central metal ion c) Ligand d) Co-ordination number e) Charge on the complex ion
10. Mention the function of hemoglobin in natural process.
11. Apply V.B. theory for [Ni(CN)4]2- and [FeF6]4- and explain the shape and magnetic properties.
10MARKS (Q.NO:65A)
1. Write the application of VB theory on the following complex.
i) [FeIIF6]4- ii) [FeII(CN)6]4-
2. Write the postulates of Werner’s theory of coordination compounds.
3. [Ni(CN)4]2- is diamagnetic whereas [Ni(NH3)]2+ is paramagnetic. Explain.
4. Explain coordination and ionization isomerism with suitable examples.
5. Explain the following terms:
i) Neutral ligand ii) Chelates iii) Co-ordination sphere.
6. What are the postulates of valence bond theory?
7. Explain hydrate and linkage isomerism with suitable examples.
7. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
3 MARKS (Q.NO:37)
1. Explain the principle behind the ‘Hydrogen bomb’
2. What is the Q value of a nuclear reaction?
3. Give any three difference between chemical and nuclear reactions.
4. The atomic masses of Li, He and proton are 7.01823amu, 4.00387amu and 1.00715amu respectively. Calculate the energy evolved in the reaction. (1amu = 931 MeV)
5. The half life period of a radioactive element is 100 seconds. Calculate the disintegration constant.
6. In the following radioactive decay: 92X232 89Y220, how many α and β particles are ejected?
7. Calculate the number of α and β particles emitted 90Th232 nucleus is converted into 82Pb208 ?
8. Half-life period of 79Au198 nucleus is 150 days. Calculate its average life?
9. The decay constant for 6C14 is 2.31 X 10-4 year-1. Calculate half-life period.
10. How many α and β particles will be emitted by an element 84A218 in changing to a stable isotopes of 82B206 ?
11. Calculate the Q value of the following nuclear reaction: 13Al27 + 2He4 14Si30 + 1H1 + Q
12. Half life period of U238 is 140 days. Calculate the average life.
13. Calculate the decay constant for Ag108 if its half life is 2.31 minutes.
14. State two uses of Radio carbon dating.
15. In the conversion of 92U238 82Pb206, Calculate the number of alpha and beta particles emitted.
16. Neutron bombardment fragmentation of U235 occurs according to the equation:
92U235+0n1 42Mo98+54Xe136+X-1e0+y0n1
10 MARKS (Q.NO:65B)
1. List the medical uses of radioactive isotopes.
2. Explain briefly about Radiocarbon dating.
3. Explain the principle underlying the function of hydrogen bomb.
4. Explain the nuclear reaction that take place in sun.
5. Explain nuclear fission reaction with an example.
6. Mention the use of radioisotopes in the field of i) Study of hydrolysis of ester ii) Mechanism of photosynthesis in plants
7. Difference between chemical reaction and nuclear reaction.
8. Distinguish between Nuclear Fusion reactions and Fission reactons.
8. SOLID STATE-II
3 MARKS (Q.NO:38)
1. What are superconductors?
2. What is a vitreous state?
3. Determine the number of CsCl units per unit cell. CsCl has BCC arrangement.
4. What is meant by super conducting transition temperature?
5. Write a note on molecular crystals?
6. Write a note on Frankel defect.
7. Sketch the following lattices : a) Simple cubic b) Face – centred cubic c) Body centred cubic.
8. How are glasses formed?
9. Write the application of superconductors.
10. State Bragg’s law
11. Write a note on the assignment of atoms per unit cell in fcc (face centred cubic)
10 MARKS (Q.NO:66A)
1. Explain Schottky and Frenkel defect.
2. Explain Bragg’s spectrometer method.
3. Explain the nature of glass.
4. Write the properties of ionic crystals.
5. What are superconductors? Write their uses.
9. THERMODYNAMICS
3 MARKS (Q.NO:39)
1. What is entropy? What is its unit?
2. What is Gibbs’s free energy?
3. What types of liquids or substance deviate from Trouton’s rule ?
4. Give the Kelvin – Planck statement of second law of Thermodynamics.
5. State the Clausius statement of second law of Thermodynamics.
6. What is the entropy change of an engine that operates at 1000C when 453.6 Kcal of heat is supplied to it?
7. Calculate the molar heat of vaporization of the ideal liquid CCl4 (Boiling point of CCl4 is 76.70 C and ΔS = 87.864J)
8. ΔH and ΔS values of a reaction at 300K are -10 Kcal mol-1 and 20 Cal. deg-1 mol-1 respectively. Calculate ΔG value.
9. Give entropy statement of second law of thermodynamics. Mention the unit of entropy also.
10. Calculate the entropy change involved in the conversion of 1 mole of ice at 00 and 1 atm to liquid at 00 and 1 atm. The enthalpy of fusion per mole of ice is 6008 J.mol-1.
11. State Trouton’s rule.
12. Calculate the change of entropy for the process. Water (liq) to water ( vapour 373K) involving ΔH vap = 40850J mol-1 at 373K.
13. How is ΔG related to ΔH and ΔS ? What is the meaning of ΔG = 0 ?
14. Calculate the maximum efficiency % possible from a thermal engine operating between 1100 C and
250 C.
15. What is the nature of the reaction when i) ΔG > 0 ii) ΔG < 0 iii) ΔG = 0
16. The normal boiling point of CHCl3 is 61.50 C. Calculate the molar heat of vaporization of CHCl3 assuming ideal behaviors.
5MARKS (Q.NO:56)
1. State the various statement of second law of thermodynamics.
2. Write the characteristics of free energy G?
3. What are the characteristics of entropy S?
10. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM-II
3MARKS (Q.NO:40)
1. The equilibrium constant KC for A(g) ⇌ B(g) is 2.5 X 10-2 . The rate constant of the forward reaction is 0.05 sec-1 . Calculate the rate constant of the reverse reaction.
2. In the equilibrium H2 + I2 . 2HI. the number of mole of H2, I2 and HI are 1,2,3 mole respectively. Total pressure of the reacton mixture is 60 atm. Calculate the partical pressures of H2 and HI in the mixture.
3. Write the equilibrium constants for the following.
4. State Le Chatlier’s principle.
What happens when Δng = 0, Δng = -ve , Δng = +ve in a gaseous reaction?
5. Define reaction quotient. How is related to equilibrium constant?
6. What is the relationship between formation equilibrium constant and dissociation constant? Give one example.
7. For reaction A + B ⇌ 3C at 250C , a 3 litre volume reaction vessel contains 1, 2 and 4 moles of A, B and C respectively at equilibrium. Calculate the equilibrium constant KC of the reaction at 250C.
8. Dissociation of PCl5 decreases in the presence of increase in Cl2 . Why?
9. Dissociation equilibrium constant of HI is 2.06 X 10-2 at 4580 C. At equilibrium, concentration of HI and I2 are 0.36 M and 0.15 M respectively. What is the equilibrium concentration of H2 at 4580 C?
10. What is equilibrium constant?
11. Why do chemical equilibrium is referred to as dynamic equilibrium?
5 MARKS (Q.NO:57)
1. Derive the relation between equilibrium constant KP and KC .
2. Apply Le chatelier’s principle for the manufacture of ammonia by Haber’s process.
3. The dissociation equilibrium constant of HI 2.06 X 10-2 at 458 K. At equilibrium the concentration of HI and I2 are 0.36 M and 0.15 M respectively. What is the equilibrium concentration of H2 at 458 K?
4. Derive the expression for KP and KC for the decomposition of PCl5.
5. Apply Le chatelier’s principle for the manufacture of SO3 by contact process and find the condition for getting maximum yield of SO3 .
6. Discuss the effect of temperature and pressure on the following equilibrium :
N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g) ΔH = +59.0 KJ/mole.
7. Derive the experession for KP and KC for the formation of HI.
11. CHEMICAL KINETICS – II
3 MARKS (Q.NO:41, 42)
1. Give three example for opposing reactions.
2. The half-life period of a first order reacton is 20 min. Calculate the rate constant.
3. The initial rate of a first order reaction is 5.2 X 10-6 mol lit-1s-1 at 298 K. when the initial concentration of the reaction is 2.6 X 10-3 mol lit-1 . Calculate the first order rate constant of the reaction at the same temperature.
4. Write a brief note on consecutive reaction.
5. Show that for a first order reaction time required for 99% completion is twice the time required for 90% completion of the reaction.
6. Write the Arrhenius equation and explain the terms.
7. What are parallel reaction? Give one example.
8. Define order of reaction.
9. What are opposing reaction? Give an example.
10. What are simple and complex reaction?
11. What is activation energy?
12. What is pseudo first order reaction? Give example.
13. Derive an equation for the half – life period of a first order reaction.
14. What are complex reaction? Give an example.
15. The rate constant for a first order reaction is 1.54 X 10-3 sec-1 . Calculate its half-life period.
16. Show that the half – life period of a first order reaction is independent of the initial concentration of the reactant.
5 MARKS (Q.NO:58)
1. Write the characteristics of order of reaction.
2. Explain the experimental determination of rate constant for decomposition of H2O2 in aqueous solution.
3. Discuss the characteristics of a first order reaction.
4. Explain the experimental determination of rate constant of acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate.
5. State the difference between simple and complex reactions.
6. Write notes on (i) consecutive reaction, (ii) parallel reactions and (iii) opposing reactions.
7. Explain various types of complex reaction and give one example for each.
8. Compound A reacts by first order kinetic. At 250C. the rate constant of the reaction is 0.45 sec-1 . What is the half – life period of A at 250C ? What is the time required to have 12.5% unreacted A for first order reaction?
9. Derive an equation for the rate constant of a first order reaction.
10. A first order reaction is 75% complete in 100 minutes. What are the rate constant and half – life period of the reaction?
11. Show that for a first order reaction, the time required for 99.9% completion of the reaction is 10 times that required for 50% completion.
12. SURFACE CHEMISTRY
3 MARKS (Q.NO:43)
1. What is electrophoresis?
2. What are emulsions?
3. Write a note on auto – catalyst.
4. Why is a colloidal system of gas in gas does not exist?
5. What is catalytic poison? Give an example.
6. What is tanning?
7. What is heterogeneous catalysis? Give and example.
8. What are promoters? Give an example.
9. What is electrodialysis?
10. What is peptisation? Give an example.
11. What is Brownian movement? Give reason.
12. Give any three differences between physical adsorption and chemical adsorption.
13. What is Tyndall effect?
14. Write any three general characteristics of catalytic reaction.
15. What are lyophilic sols? Give example.
10MARKS (Q.NO:66B)
1. Write briefly the adsorption theory of catalysis?
2. How are colloids prepared by usin (i) mechanical dispersion method, (ii) electro dispersion method?
3. Write briefly about the preparation of colloids by chemical methods.
4. Explain intermediate compound theory of catalysis.
5. What is electro – osmosis? Explain the experiment.
6. Give any 5 main differences between physical adsorption and chemical adsorption.
7. Write notes on a (i) Auto catalyst, (ii) Promotors.
8. How can colloidal solution be purified by dialysis?
9. Write the general characteristics of catalytic reactions.
13. ELECTRO CHEMISTRY – I
3 MARKS (Q.NO:44)
1. State Faraday’s first and second laws of electrolysis.
2. State Kohlraush’s law.
3. What is common ion effect? Give example.
4. The mass of the substance deposited by the passage of 10 ampere of current for 2 hours 40 minutes and 50 seconds is 9.65 g. Calculate the electrochemical equivalent.
5. Define equivalent conductance. Give the equation for it.
6. State Oswald’s dilution law.
7. Define electrochemical equivalent. What is its unit?
8. What is Buffer solution? Give example.
9. Why does the metallic conductance decrease with increase in temperature?
10 MARKS (Q.NO:67A)
1. Derive Oswald’s dilution law.
2. Explain Oswald’s theory of indicators.
3. Derive Henderson equation.
4. Write note on Quinonoid theory of indicators.
5. Explain the postulates of Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation.
6. Explain the buffer action of acidic buffer with an example.
7. What are the evidences in favour of Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation?
8. Differentiate between electronic conduction and electrolytic conduction.
14. Electro Chemistry –II
5 Marks (Q.No:59)
1. Calculate the e. m. f of the Zinc-silver cell at 250C when [Zn2+] = 0.10 M and [Ag2+] = 10 M. (E0Cell at 250C = 1.56 volts)
2. Derive Nernst equation.
3. The e. m. f of half cell Cu2+ (aq) │Cu(s) containing 0.01M Cu2+ solution is +0.301V. Calculate the standard e. m. f of the half cell.
4. Determine the standard e. m. f of the cell and standard free energy change of the cell reaction Zn, Zn2+ ││ Ni2+Ni. The standard reduction potential of Zn, Zn2+ and Ni2+Ni half cells are 0.76V and -0.25V respectively.
5. Write an account on cell terminology.
6. How is a standard Hydrogen Electrode(SHE) constructed? Explain its function.
7. Calculate the e. m. f of the cell.
Zn│Zn2+ (0.001M) ││Ag+ (0.1M) Ag E0 Ag│Ag+ = +0.80V, E0 Zn│Zn2+ = -0.76V.
8. Calculate the standard emf and standard free energy change of the following cell: Zn│Zn2+ ││Cu2+ │Cu
E0 Zn│Zn2+ = -0.762V and E0 Cu2+│Cu = +0.337V
9. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the following cell reaction: 2Ag+ + Zn ⇌ Zn2+ + 2Ag
E0 Ag+│Ag = +0.80V, E0 Zn2+│Zn = -0.76V
10 MARKS (Q.NO:67B)
1. Write the IUPAC convention for writing cell diagram with example.
2. Derive Nernst equation.
3. Write a brief account on the relation between EMF and free energy.
4. Describe Daniel cell.
5. How is e. m. f of a half cell determined?
6. Explain any five terms used in cell terminology.
15. ISOMERISM IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
3 MARKS (Q.NO:45)
1. Give the conditions required for a compound to exhibit optical Isomerism.
2. Mesotartaric acid is an optically inactive compound with chiral carbon atom. Justify.
3. Differentiate diastereomer from enantiomer.
4. Distinguish racemic mixture from mesoform.
5. Trans isomer is more stable than cis isomer. Why?
6. What is a racemic mixture ? Explain with a suitable example.
7. What are optical isomers? Give example.
8. Give the structure of cis – trans isomer of 2- pentene.
10 MARKS (Q.NO:68A)
1. Distinguish between enantiomers and diastereomers.
2. Discuss the optical activity in Tartaric acid.
3. Distinguish racemic form from Meso form with suitable example.
4. Describe the conformations of cyclohexanol and comment on their stability.
5. Explain internal and external compensation with suitable examples.
6. Explain geometrical (cistrans) isomerism with example.
16. HYDROXY DERIVATIVES
3MARKS (Q.NO:46, 47)
1. How can the consumption of alcohol by a person be detected?
2. How is phenolphthalein prepared?
3. Why is glycol more viscous than ethanol?
4. Give any three uses of benzyl alcohol.
5. Write a note on coupling reaction.
6. Phenol is insoluble in NaHCO3 solution but acetic acid is soluble. Give reason.
7. How does glycerol react with KHSO4 ? (Or) How is acrolein formed?
8. How is phenol prepared by Dow’s process?
9. How will you convert C2H5 -OH to C2H5-O-C2H5 ?
10. Write the dye test for phenol.
11. How is allyl alcohol obtained from glycerol?
12. Alcohol cannot be used as a solvent for Grignard reagents.
13. Write the conversion of ethylene glycol to 1,4 – dioxin.
14. Write a note on Kolbe’s reaction.
15. How is glycerol synthesized from propylene?
16. Give a chemical test to distinguish between ethanol and methanol.
17. How is phenol identified?
18. How will you convert 2-methyl-2-propanol into 2-methyl propene?
19. What happens when ethylene reacts with cold dilute alkaline KMnO4 ?
20. Phenol are soluble in alcohols. Why?
21. How can Terylene be prepared?
22. Starting from phenol how would you obtain picric acid?
23. How is tertiary butyl alcohol converted to isobutylene?
24. How is benzyl alcohol prepared by Grignard synthesis?
25. How is nitroglycerine prepared from glycerol?
17. ETHERS
5 MARKS (Q.NO:60)
1. How do ethers react with HI? Give the significance of the reaction.
2. Discuss the isomerism exhibited by ethers.
3. Distinguish aliphatic ether (diethyl ether) and aromatic ether(anisole).
4. How does diethyl ether react with the following reagents? (i) O2/long contact (ii) dil. H2SO4 (iii) PCl5
5. Give any three methods of preparing diethyl ether.
6. Give any two methods of preparation of anisole and explain the reaction of HI with anisole.
7. Give any two methods of preparation of anisole.
8. How does diethyl ether react with PCl5. One equivalent of HI and excess of HI?
18. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
3 MARKS (Q.NO:48)
1. Give the IUPAC names for the following: (i) Crotonaldehyde (ii) Methyl n-propyl ketone (iii) Phenyl acetaldehyde
2. How does formaldehyde react with ammonia? (Or) What is urotrophine prepared? Mention its use.
3. How can acetophenone be prepared by Friedel-Crafts reaction?
4. What is formalin? Write its use.
5. What is Rosenmund’s reduction? What is the purpose of adding BaSO4 in it?
6. Write two tests to identify aldehydes.
7. Explain haloform reaction with an example.
8. Write briefly on Clemmensen’s reduction.
5 MARKS (Q.NO:61)
1. Explain the mechanism of Cannizzaro reaction.
2. Explain the mechanism of crossed aldol condensation.
3. Explain the mechanism of aldol condensation of acetaldehyde.
4. Write the mechanism of Claisen Schmidt reaction.
5. Write the difference between acetaldehyde and acetone.
6. Explain the mechanism of aldol condensation in acetone.
7. Explain ‘Popott’s rule with an example.
8. Write notes on (i) Stephen’s reaction, (ii) Perkin’s reaction.
9. How is acetone converted to (i) mesityl oxide (ii) mesitylene.
19. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
3 MARKS (Q.NO:49)
1. What is trans-esterification?
2. What is meant by esterification reacton? Write the equation.
3. Write a note on HVZ reaction.
4. Mention the uses of Oxalic acid.
5. Give the source and trivial name of (i) HCOOH (ii) C3H7COOH (iii) C11H23COOH
6. Formic acid reduces Tollen’s reagent. But acetic acid does not. Give reason.
7. What is the action of lactic acid with dil. H2SO4?
8. How is methyl salicylate prepared?
9. Account for the reducing nature of formic acid with suitable illustration?
10. Write two tests to identify carboxylic acids.
11. Give the tests for Salicylic acid.
12. Mention the uses of benzoic acid.
13. How is asprin prepared from salicylic acid?
14. How will you convert lactic acid into lactyl chloride.
5 MARKS (Q.NO:62)
1. How is lactic acid manufactured in large scale? How can it be converted into cyclic diester?
2. Account for the reducing nature of formic acid.
3. How is benzoic acid obtained from (a) Ethyl benzene (b) Phenyl cyanide (c) Carbon dioxide?
4. Distinguish between formic acid and acetic acid.
5. How are the following conversions carried out? (a) Lactic acid to Lactide (b) Succinic acid to Succinimide (c) Salicylic acid to Asprin.
6. How is Oxalic acid manufactured from sodium formate?
7. Write the mechanism of esterification reaction.
8. What happens when (i) Oxalic acid is treated with NH3 (ii) Benzoic acid is treated with PCl5?
9. Bring about the following conversions: (i) Salicylic acid to Asprin (ii) Lactic acid to Lactide (iii) Benzoic acid to Benzyl alcohol.
10. Explain the mechanism of Kolbe’s reaction.
11. What happens when lactic acid is (i) treated with dilute H2SO4 (ii) treated with PCl5 (iii) Oxidised with acidified KMnO4?
12. What happens when Lactic acid is (i) treated with dilute H2SO4 (ii) Oxidised with Fenton’s reagent (iii) added to PCl5?
13. Explain the reactions of CH3CONH2 with (i) P2O5 (ii) Br2/NaoH and (iii) Hydrolysis by an acid
14. How is lactic acid synthesized from acetylene? How can it be converted into cyclic diester?
15. Give the equation for the action of heat on (a) Oxalic acid (b) Succinic acid (c) Formic acid
16. Write shorts on the following: (i) HVZ reaction (ii) Trans-esterification (iii) Kolbe’s electrolytic reaction
10 MARKS (Q.NO:68B)
1. Give the mechanism involved in the esterification of carboxylic acid with alcohol.
2. How can salicylic acid be converted to (i) Asprin (ii) 2,4,6 tribromophenol (iii) Methyl salicylate?
3. Discuss the isomerism exhibited by carboxylic acid.
4. What happens when lactic acid is (i) treated with dil. H2SO4 (ii) heated alone (iii) Oxidesed with alkaline KMnO4?
5. Give the mechanism involved in bromination of salicylic acid.
6. How are the following conversion take pace? (i) Salicylic acid to Methyl salicylate (ii) Lactic acid to Pyruvic acid (iii) Methyl cyanide to Acetamide.
7. How do you distinguish formic acid from acetic acid?
8. How are the following conversions carried out? (i) Salicylic acid to Asprin (ii) Methyl acetate to Ethyl acetate (iii) Lactic acid to Pyruvic acid.
9. Account for the reducing nature of Formic acid.
10. How is benzoic acid obtained from (i) Ethyl benzene (ii) Phenyl cyanide (iii) Carbon dioxide?
11. Explain (i) Kolbe’s electrolytic reaction and (ii) trans – esterification reaction.
12. How are the following conversions carried out? (i) Salicylic acid to Asprin (ii) Salicylic acid to Methyl salicylate (iii) Lactic acid to Lactide.
13. How is Oxalic acid manufactured from sodium formate?
14. How to do the following conversion? (i) Lactic acid to Lactide (ii) Salicylic acid to Methyl salicylate.
15. What happens when benzoic acid reacts with (i) Conc. HNO3/Conc. H2SO4 (ii) Cl2/FeCl3 (iii) PCl5
16. Write the preparation of salicylic acid with mechanism.
20. ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
3 MARKS (Q.NO:50)
1. How will you convert acetamide to methyl amine? Give equation.
2. An Organic compound (A) having molecular formula C2H7N is treated with nitrous acid to give (B) molecular formula C2H6O which answers iodoform test. Identify (A) and (B) and explain.
3. What is Gabriel’s Phthalimide synthesis?
4. Explain diazotization with a suitable example.
5. When benzamide is treated with bromine and alkali gives compound A. Also when benzamide is reduced by LiAlH4 , compound B is formed. Find A and B. Write the equations.
8. An aromatic primary amine A with molecular formula C6H7N undergoes diazotization to give B. B when treated with hypophosphorous acid gives C. Identify A, B, and C.
9. An aromatic simplest nitro compound A on reduction using Sn and HCl gives B. B undergoes carbylamines reaction. Identify A and B. Give any on use of compound A.
10. Compound A is yellow coloured liquid and it is called oil of mirbane. A on reduction with tin and HCl gives B. B answers carbylamine test. Identify A and B.
11. An organic compound (A) with molecular fomula C6H7N gives (B) with HNO2/HCl at 273K. The aqueous solution of (B) on heating gives (C) which gives violet colour with neutral FeCl3. Identify the compounds A, B, and C.
12. An Organic compound A of molecular formula C2H5ON treated with bromine and KOH gives B of molecular formula CH5N. Identify A and B. Write the equation involved.
13. An Organic compound A of molecular formula C2H5NO on treatment with Na/C2H5OH gives B(C2H7N) and with Br2/KOH gives C (CH5N). Identify A, B, C.
14. CH3NO2 Sn/HCl A CHCl3/alcoholic KOH B H2/Pt C. Identify A, B and C.
10 MARKS (Q.NO:69A)
1. Distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
2. How are the following conversions carried out? (i) Nitrobenzene to phenyl hydroxylamine (ii) Aniline to phenyl isocyanide (iii) Benzene diazonium chloride to biphenyl
3. Write a note on the reduction nitrobenzene under different conditions.
4. How are the following conversions carried out? (i) Nitroethane to Methyl amine (ii) Methyl amine to Methyl isocyanide (iii) Benzene diazonium chloride to Biphenyl.
5. How are (i) phenol, (ii) Chlorobenzene, (iii) Biphenyl prepared by using benzene diazonium chloride?
6. How does nitrous acid react with primary, secondary, and tertiary amines?
7. Explain the following reactions in aniline: (i) Coupling reaction (ii) Schotten – Baumann reaction (iii) Carbylamine reacton.
8. Explain Gabriel’s Phthalimide synthesis and Mustard oil reaction.
9. Write the following reactions: (i) Carbylamine reaction (ii) Gabriel’s Phthalimide synthesis.
10. Write notes on the following: (i) Mustard oil reaction (ii) Diazotisation reaction (iii) Gomberg reaction
11. Write notes on the following: (i) Mustard oil reaction (ii) Formation of Schiff’s base.
21. BIOMOLECULES
10 MARKS (Q.NO:69B)
1.Elucidate the structure of fructose.
2. Prove the structure of glucose.
3. What is a peptide bond? Illustrate the formation of a peptide bond in glycyl alanine. Draw the structure of glucose and fructose.
4. How are carbohydrates classified? Give example for each.
22. CHEMISTRY IN ACTION
3 MARKS (Q.NO:51)
1.Write a brief note on Buna-S rubber?
2. Write a brief note on Antiseptic (Or) Why are Iodoform and phenolic solutions called antiseptic?
3. What are chromophores? Give two examples.
4. What are anesthetics? Give examples.
5. In what way are antacids important? (Or) What are antacids? Give an example.
6. Give the preparation of Buna-N rubber.
7. How is Nylon-66 prepared? Give its use.
8. What are artificial sweetening agents? Give two examples.
9. Give a note on antibiotics.
10. Write any three characteristics of dyes.
11. What are the functions of anti Oxidants?
5 MARKS (Q.NO:63)
1. Explain brief on characteristics of rocket propellants.
2. Write notes on anesthetics.
3. Write briefly on Buna rubbers.
4. How are Buna-S and Nylon – 66 prepared?
5. What are chromophores and auxochromes? Give two examples for each.
6. Explain briefly on colour and structure of dyes.
NAMING REACTIONS
16. HYDROXY DERIVATIVES
1. Bouveault – Blanc reduction - 140
2. Terelene reaction – 142
3. Sapanification reaction – 146
4. Cannizzaro reaction – 152
5. Nitro Glycerine reaction – 149 6. Dow’s process – 157
7. Schotten – Baumann reaction – 162
8. Picric acid reaction – 164
9. Diazo – Coupling reactin – 165
10. Kolbe Schimidtt (or) Kolbe’s reactin – 165
11. Riemer – Tiemann reaction – 165
12. Phthalein fusion reaction – 166
13. Lederer – Manasse reaction – 166
14. Acylation reaction – 161
15. Lucas test – 131
16. Victor Meyer test – 136
17. markonnikoff’s reaction – 126
17. ETHERS
18. Wiliamson Synthasis – 184
18. CARBONYL COMPAUNDS
19. Rosenmund reduction – 201
20. Stephen’s reaction – 204
21. Aldol Condensation reaction – 207
22. Crossed Aldol Condensation reaction – 208
23. Clemmension reduction – 214
24. Wolff – Kishner reduction – 215
25. Popott’s rule – 215
26. Cannizaro reaction – 220
27. Claisen (or) Claisen Schmidtt reaction - 221
28. Benzoin Condensation reaction – 221
29. Perkin’s reaction – 222
30. Knovenagal reaction – 222
31. Friedel Crafts acetylaton (or) Acylation – 229
32. Friedel Crafts Benzoylation – 230
19. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
33. HVZ reaction – 249
34. Kolb’s electrolytic reaction – 249
35. Winter Green oil reacton – 264
36. Friedel craft’s Acetylation – 266
37. Claisen Ester Condensation reaction – 268
20. ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
38. Chloropicrin reaction – 280
39. Mirbane oil reaction – 282
40. Gabriel’s Phthalimide Synthesis – 291
41. Mustard oil reaction – 294
42. Schotten – Baumann reaction – 300
43. Diazotisation reaction – 300
44. Sand Meyar reaction – 307
45. Gattermann reaction – 307
46. Gomberg (or) Gomberg Bachmann reaction – 308
47. Diazonium Coupling reaction – 308
IMPORTANT MECHANISMS
1. Mechanism of Aldol Condensation in Acetaldehyde – 207
2. Mechanism of Crossed Aldol Condensation in Acetaldehyde and
Acetone – 208
3. Mechanism of Aldol Condensation in Acetone - 207
4. Mechanism of Cannizaro reaction – 220
5. Mechanism of Claisen reaction – 221
6. Mechanism of Esterificaton reaction – 246
7. Mechanism of Kolbe’s reaction – 262
8. Mechanism of Bromination reaction in Salicylic acid – 263
9. Mechanism of Hoffman’s reaction – 290
10. Mechanism of Nitrobenzene form from benzene - 282
